{
 "schema": 1,
 "fetched_at": "2026-10-21T16:16:59.603Z",
 "affects_index": false,
 "source": "Epoch AI notable AI models + AI data centers datasets, CC BY 4.0",
 "source_urls": {
  "models": "https://epoch.ai/data/notable_ai_models.csv",
  "models_page": "https://epoch.ai/data/notable-ai-models",
  "data_centers": "https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv",
  "data_centers_page": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"
 },
 "attribution": "Data from Epoch AI (https://epoch.ai/), used under CC BY 4.0. SIREN recomputes the doubling-time fit; Epoch publishes related trend estimates on epoch.ai.",
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 "models_with_flop": 540,
 "models_90d": 7,
 "largest_run": {
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  "date": "2026-09-03",
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  "scientific": "9.40×10^26",
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  "confidence": "Likely",
  "link": null,
  "frontier": true
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   "scientific": "9.10×10^21",
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   "model": "Megatron-BERT",
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   "date": "2019-09-17",
   "flop": 2.2e+22,
   "scientific": "2.20×10^22",
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   "date": "2019-10-23",
   "flop": 3.3e+22,
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  {
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   "date": "2020-01-28",
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   "scientific": "1.12×10^23",
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   "link": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09977"
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   "model": "GPT-3 175B (davinci)",
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   "flop": 3.7e+23,
   "scientific": "3.70×10^23",
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   "scientific": "2.58×10^24",
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   "scientific": "2.74×10^24",
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   "link": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.14858"
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  {
   "model": "GPT-4 (Mar 2023)",
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   "date": "2023-03-15",
   "flop": 2.1e+25,
   "scientific": "2.10×10^25",
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   "link": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774"
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  {
   "model": "Gemini 1.0 Ultra",
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   "date": "2023-12-06",
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   "scientific": "5.00×10^25",
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  {
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   "date": "2025-02-17",
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   "scientific": "3.50×10^26",
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   "link": "https://x.ai/blog/grok-3"
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  {
   "model": "GPT-4.5",
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   "scientific": "3.80×10^26",
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   "link": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-4-5/"
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  {
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  "sample": [
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   {
    "date": "2023-07-11",
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   {
    "date": "2024-08-13",
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   {
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   {
    "date": "2026-09-03",
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  "method": "OLS of log10(training FLOP) on publication date for Epoch \"Frontier model\"=True rows since 2020-01-01. Doubling months = 12·log10(2)/slope."
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   "link": "https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash/blob/main/DeepSeek_V41_Tech_Report.pdf \n\nhttps://www.deepseek.com/en/news/deepseek-v4-1-flash/"
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  {
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   "scientific": "2.07×10^23",
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   "frontier": false,
   "link": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.03582 \n\nhttps://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-deepmind/introducing-weathernext-3/"
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   "link": "https://huggingface.co/Motif-Technologies/Motif-3\nhttps://huggingface.co/Motif-Technologies/Motif-3/blob/main/motif_3_technical_report.pdf\nhttps://github.com/MotifTechnologies/motif3-training-example"
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   "link": "https://huggingface.co/LGAI-EXAONE/K-EXAONE-2.0-750B-A37B\nhttps://github.com/LG-AI-EXAONE/K-EXAONE-2.0\nhttps://huggingface.co/LGAI-EXAONE/K-EXAONE-2.0-750B-A37B/blob/main/assets/K-EXAONE-2.0-Technical-Report.pdf"
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    "project": "Project Rainier #confident"
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   {
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    "owner": "Oracle",
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   {
    "name": "Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin",
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  ]
 }
}